In my second day of medical school, back in 1973, a doctor explained to us the difference between a therapeutic dose of a medication and a lethal dose which could lead to death.
Without specifically looking for articles concerning the potentially disastrous results of taking paracetamol / acetaminophen (AKA APAP, in Panadol, Tylenol and numerous other medications) during pregnancy, I have found quite a few. Here is my current list, in date order, including one concerning paracetamol / acetaminophen use in infancy and the Sznajder one you cited:
2013 meeting abstract "Acetaminophen at low doses depletes airway glutathione and alters respiratory reflex responses": https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1107.4 "It has been hypothesized that APAP, due to its increased usage and pro-oxidant properties, has contributed to the 2-fold increase in asthma prevalence that has occurred since 1980. These results support this hypothesis by indicating that APAP, at doses approximating the therapeutic dose of 15 mg/kg, depletes airway GSH and modulates acute respiratory responses."
Since the brain uses extremely subtle chemical signals to guide how individual neurons develop, it follows that any drug which affects neurons may cause lasting harm through altered neurodevelopment.
Conversely, Ahlqvist et al. 2024 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2817406 found that analysis of data concerning full sibling pairs, paracetamol / acetaminophen use during pregnancy did not raise the risk of autism, ADHD and intellectual disability. I haven't scrutinized this, but this approach only focuses on the differences in exposure between siblings, which would probably be a smaller variation than by considering all births, in which some mothers take the drug in general during their pregnancies and others don't.
James Lyons-Weiler mentioned these and some other articles regarding paracetamol / acetaminophen in a book he wrote, and a letter he sent, to 100 deans of schools of medicine in the USA: https://popularrationalism.substack.com/p/three-years-later-after-ipak-alerted, none of whom replied. This article lists other research articles I have not included above.
He also cited research regarding vaccines and fever:
"In 2010, Shoffner et al., (2011 https://www.nature.com/articles/pr9201192) found that 71% of kids with regressive autism had an episode of fever > 101°F In 33% of these cases, the fever occurred right after vaccination – and none showed regression unless fever had occurred."
Without specifically looking for articles concerning the potentially disastrous results of taking paracetamol / acetaminophen (AKA APAP, in Panadol, Tylenol and numerous other medications) during pregnancy, I have found quite a few. Here is my current list, in date order, including one concerning paracetamol / acetaminophen use in infancy and the Sznajder one you cited:
Gonzalez-Barcala 2012 "Exposure to paracetamol and asthma symptoms" https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/23/4/706/426235. Discussed in that august journal, the Daily Mail: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2421533/Babies-given-Calpol-just-month-times-likely-develop-asthma.html.
2013 meeting abstract "Acetaminophen at low doses depletes airway glutathione and alters respiratory reflex responses": https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1107.4 "It has been hypothesized that APAP, due to its increased usage and pro-oxidant properties, has contributed to the 2-fold increase in asthma prevalence that has occurred since 1980. These results support this hypothesis by indicating that APAP, at doses approximating the therapeutic dose of 15 mg/kg, depletes airway GSH and modulates acute respiratory responses."
Avella-Carcia et al.: 2016 "Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopment: attention function and autism spectrum symptoms": https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/45/6/1987/2617189.
Hurtado-Gonzalez et al. 2018 "Effects of Exposure to Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen on Fetal Germ Cell Development in Both Sexes in Rodent and Human Using Multiple Experimental Systems" (in-vitro research) https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP2307. Discussed at: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-04-painkillers-pregnancy-affect-baby-future.html
Poster session, European Lung Foundation, 2018: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-paracetamol-infancy-linked-asthma-teenagers.html.
Ji et. al 2019 "Association of Cord Plasma Biomarkers of In Utero Acetaminophen Exposure With Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood": https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2753512 (It could be argued that the cause of autism was maternal fever and/or whatever caused that, with paracetamol / acetaminophen use due to fever not contributing to autism.) 2019 NIH media advisory: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-funded-study-suggests-acetaminophen-exposure-pregnancy-linked-higher-risk-adhd-autism.
Bauer et al. 2021 "Paracetamol use during pregnancy — a call for precautionary action" https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-021-00553-7. Avoidant critique: https://www.medpagetoday.com/obgyn/pregnancy/94967. Peer-reviewed critique: O'Sullivan et al. 2022 "Paracetamol use in pregnancy - neglecting context promotes misinterpretation": https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-022-00656-9. Bauer et al.'s response: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-022-00657-8.
Sznajder et al. 2022 "Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and neurobehavioral problems in offspring at 3 years: A prospective cohort study" : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272593.
2023 article with links to many articles on liver damage and other forms of toxicity, including one concerning an infant: https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2007/12/report_acetaminophen.
Paracetamol / acetaminophen also causes emotional dulling (insensitivity) and increased risk-taking: Mischkowski et al. 2019 "A Social Analgesic? Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Reduces Positive Empathy": https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00538/full and Keaveney et al. 2020 "Effects of acetaminophen on risk taking": https://academic.oup.com/scan/article/15/7/725/5897711.
Since the brain uses extremely subtle chemical signals to guide how individual neurons develop, it follows that any drug which affects neurons may cause lasting harm through altered neurodevelopment.
Conversely, Ahlqvist et al. 2024 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2817406 found that analysis of data concerning full sibling pairs, paracetamol / acetaminophen use during pregnancy did not raise the risk of autism, ADHD and intellectual disability. I haven't scrutinized this, but this approach only focuses on the differences in exposure between siblings, which would probably be a smaller variation than by considering all births, in which some mothers take the drug in general during their pregnancies and others don't.
James Lyons-Weiler mentioned these and some other articles regarding paracetamol / acetaminophen in a book he wrote, and a letter he sent, to 100 deans of schools of medicine in the USA: https://popularrationalism.substack.com/p/three-years-later-after-ipak-alerted, none of whom replied. This article lists other research articles I have not included above.
He also cited research regarding vaccines and fever:
"In 2010, Shoffner et al., (2011 https://www.nature.com/articles/pr9201192) found that 71% of kids with regressive autism had an episode of fever > 101°F In 33% of these cases, the fever occurred right after vaccination – and none showed regression unless fever had occurred."
His whole Substack article is well worth reading.
Also, a 2004 article on using N-acetylcystein to treat paracetamol / acetaminophen overdose: https://journals.lww.com/em-news/fulltext/2004/03000/n_acetylcysteine_and_acetaminophen_toxicity__two.22.aspx